In his early works, Brentano assimilated mental acts to tropes; however, he encountered difficulties in ExpandPDFExcerpts. The authentic objects of psychology, Brentano maintains, are only psychic phenomena in the sense of actual states. Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint specifically 4,  · Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint, transl. It helped to establish psychology as a scientific discipline, but did so in a highly original and distinctive manner by arguing for a form of introspecti